Despite yesterday’s NLRB settlement, employees do not get a free pass on social media posts

The NLRB announced yesterday that it has reached a settlement in a case involving a Connecticut employee fired for posting negative comments about a supervisor on her Facebook page. According to the NLRB’s press release [pdf]:

Under the terms of the settlement approved today by Hartford Regional Director Jonathan Kreisberg, the company agreed to revise its overly-broad rules to ensure that they do not improperly restrict employees from discussing their wages, hours and working conditions with co-workers and others while not at work, and that they would not discipline or discharge employees for engaging in such discussions.

You can read my earlier thoughts on the filing of this charge for more background. Seth Borden’s Labor Relations Today also has details on yesterday’s settlement, including news of another charge on the horizon that may lead the NLRB to resolve this issue.

What troubles me about this story is how it is being portrayed by the news media. Our local NBC affiliate teased this story with the following: “Tune in at 11 to find out what you’re allowed to say about your boss on Facebook.” Neither this case, nor any other case, will give employees carte blanche to trash their employers on Facebook, Twitter, in the press, or at a Saturday night cocktail party. Employees have the right to discuss their wages, hours, and working conditions; they do not have a license to defame, disparage, or otherwise trash their company, management, product, or co-workers.

Don’t read too much into this recent foray by the Board into the brave new world of social media. Until the NLRB says otherwise, employers shouldn’t treat social media any differently than any other form of employee communications.

For more coverage in the blogosphere, I recommend Daniel Schwartz’s Connecticut Employment Law Blog, Philip Miles’s Lawffice Space, Eric Meyer’s The Employer’s Handbook, Defending the Digital Workplace, Workplace Prof Blog, Kashmir Hill’s The Not-So Private Parts, Hawaii Labor and Employment Law, and Wisconsin Labor & Employment Law Blog.

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

The most significant penny in the history of American jurisprudence? 6th Circuit remands case over one cent

What caused the court in Freeland v. Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Co. (6th Cir. 2/4/11) [pdf] to write so eloquently about the fate of the penny?  

The penny is easily the most neglected piece of U.S. currency. Pennies tend to sit at the bottom of change jars or vanish into the cracks between couch cushions. Vending machines and parking meters will not accept them. Many people refuse to bend down to pick up a penny off the ground, deeming the reward not worth the effort. And a member of Congress even introduced legislation that would effectively eliminate the penny by requiring merchants to round their prices to the nearest nickel. See Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation (COIN) Act, H.R. 5818, 109th Cong. § 3(a) (2006). In this case, however, the penny gets a rare moment in the spotlight. The amount in controversy in this declaratory judgment action is exactly one penny short of the jurisdictional minimum of the federal courts.

A civil case arrives in federal court in one of two ways: the plaintiff files it, or the defendant removes it from state court. Either way, the federal court must have subject matter jurisdiction over the case—that is, the case either must arise under a federal statute, or all plaintiffs must hail from different states than all defendants and the amount at stake must exceed $75,000.

Make no mistake, these courts take their limited jurisdiction seriously. Need proof? Freeland v. Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Co. dismissed a case over one cent. The case involved a $100,000 insurance policy, over which the parties did not dispute the first $25,000 in coverage. Therefore, the court concluded that the amount in controversy was $75,000, not $100,000, which fell one penny short of the key necessary to open the gates to the federal courthouse. 

Imagine litigating a case for more than two years, only to learn that the entire case was litigated in the wrong court. The court was sympathetic (to a point), but remanded the case nevertheless:

The Court recognizes that vacating the district court’s judgment and remanding this case is painfully inefficient. This is especially so in light of the substantial resources that been spent litigating the merits of this case and the infinitesimal amount by which the amount in controversy falls short. But the Court simply has no choice in the matter.… The district court lacked the authority to grant Liberty Mutual’s motion for summary judgment. The only proper course is to remand this case back to state court for lack of federal jurisdiction.

In litigation, the little things really do matter.

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

WIRTW #163 (the all good things must come to and end edition)

I’m sorry to leave you all alone
you’re sitting silent by the phone
but we’d always known there would come a day
the bus is warm and softly lit
and a hundred people ride in it
I guess I’m just another running away 

I’m gonna pick it up
I’m gonna pick it up today
I’m bound pack it up
I’m bound pack it up and go away 

—I’m Bound to Pack It Up, The White Stripes

Don’t get scared. This blog lives on. But, from this point forward, February 2nd will no longer be know as Groundhog Day, but as the day The White Stripes broke up.


As for me, I’ll always have the memory of the first time I heard the opening chords of Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground, and was hooked for life.
Here’s the rest of what I read this week:

Discrimination

• Protip: Do Not Buy A Vibrator For Any Lady At Your Office – from Above the Law
  
• There’s That Word Again - Bully – from Michael Fox’s Jottings By An Employer’s Lawyer
  
• Trouble ensues over office artwork with Bible reference – from Work Matters
  
• Is age discrimination running rampant, or is there another explanation? – from Employment and Labor Insider
  

Social Media & Technology

• What Is Facebook, Really? – from Harvard Business Review
  
• An employee filed a complaint? Facebook probably isn't an appropriate place to vent – from HR HQ
  
• Pew Research Center Study Finds Older Americans are Becoming More Active on the Internet Through Social Networking and Blogging – from the Digital Workplace Blog
  
• A Minute to Lose It: Why Every Health Care Professional Needs to Have a Social Media Policy. Now. – from Daniel Schwartz’s Connecticut Employment Law Blog
  
• Sharing The Love On Twitter - Does Courtney Love Become Less Defamatory By Using Social Media? – from Social Media Employment Law Blog
  

Labor Law

• Senators Restate Opposition to Becker Re-Nomination – from Seth Borden’s Labor Relations Today
  
• So Much for Comity: Business Groups To Fight Becker Renomination for NLRB – from Joe’s HR and Benefits Blog
  
• Becker Nomination Redux – from The ChamberPost
  
• 47 Senators oppose Becker nomination to NLRB – from LawMemo Employment Law Blog
  
• Do the New NLRB Rules Really Help Workers Organize? – from Workplace Fairness
  
• The NLRB Is On The Offensive – from The Metropolitan Corporate Counsel
  

Employee Relations & HR

• Can I Throw Away the Paper I-9 Once It's Been Scanned and Saved? – from the Delaware Employment Law Blog
  
• It's a Snow Day! Dealing with Inclement Weather and the Proper Payment of Wages – from Colorado Employer’s Law Blog
  
• More Employees Look To Employers For Medical Advice – from Workplace Diva
  
• Getting Down to Management Basics: My 5 Postulates of Employment Law – from TLNT
  
• Nepotism in the workplace – is this illegal? – from Employment Law Bits
  
• Dealing With Workplace Bullies: “There are a Lot of Fake Tough Guys Around Here” – from The HR Capitalist, Kris Dunn
  
• “Dirty Jobs” in HR – from Michael Haberman’s Omega HR Solutions
  

Wage & Hour

• Record Keeping Requirements Under the Fair Labor Standards Act: How Employers Can Best Protect Themselves – from Wage & Hour - Development & Highlights
  
• You Just Found Out Your Coworker Is Making More Than You. Now What? – from Evil HR Lady
  
• As FMLA Absences Mount, the Employer Must Lay Down the Law – from FMLA Insights
  
• Your employees are using more FMLA – from The Employer Handbook Blog
  

Litigation

• No Triggering Event, No Duty to Preserve – from Bow Tie Law’s Blog
  
• Guess Who’s Coming to the Deposition? – from From the Sidebar
  
• E-Discovery - Litigation Hold Rule on the Way? – from Philip Miles’s Lawffice Space
  

Non-Compete Agreements

• Should You Negotiate Your Non-Compete? Yes, and Here’s 5 Reasons Why – from Legal Developments In Non-Competition Agreements
  
• Why you should negotiate your non-compete – from Rob Radcliff’s Smooth Transitions
  

Are you searching employees’ work computers as part of litigation?

If you’re not searching a plaintiff’s work computer during litigation, this story may cause you to reconsider.

Tim Marcum is the head coach of the Arena Football League’s Tampa Bay Storm. He’s the most successful coach in the league’s history, winning 7 Arena Bowls. He’s now trying to win a different kind of fight, having sued the team’s former owner for unpaid salary. As part of the lawsuit, the defendant examined Marcum’s work computer, which revealed various displays of pornography and racist emails. For example:

• Videos of women having sex with horses.
• A video of two naked women using a funnel and fish to commit an unnatural sex act.
• A picture of Air Force One as Watermelon One.
• An email comparing Michelle Obama to a chimpanzee.
• Frequent use of the “N” word in other parodies and email.

For his part, Marcum does not deny that he received or re-forwarded the offensive emails, pictures, and videos. Instead, he maintains that they would only be considered inappropriate if someone else accessed his email. and that they should not be an issue because he only shared them with friends. Tampa Bay news station WTSP shares excerpts from Marcum’s videotaped deposition:

Proper computer searches that forensically preserve the evidence for trial can be expensive. However, you do not know what you will find until you do the examination. Workplace pornographic and racist emails will be relevant in most employment lawsuits. After acquired evidence, theft of time, and proving a work environment is not subjectively hostile are but a few examples of their possible use. Between social media, emails, and other technology, there are fewer and fewer secrets between parties in litigation. The trick for businesses is to hire attorneys that know how to harness these tools for your benefit and properly advise you of the risks and dangers inherent in your own technology.

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

One is the loneliest number – unless you’ve filed an unfair labor practice charge

Lots of employers have lots of policies that they think are legal, but in fact are not. One perfect example is policies that prohibit employees from discussing their wages. Under the National Labor Relations Act, employees, whether unionized or not, have the right to engage in protected concerted activity. Because discussions of wages and other terms and conditions of employment qualifies as protected concerted activities, retaliation for the exercise of that right violates federal labor laws.

Protected concerted activity presupposes that more than one employee is engaged in the conduct. What happens, however, if an employer discovers that an employee is going to engage in protected concerted activity and preemptively terminates the employee before he or she has the chance.

In Parexcel International (1/28/11) [pdf], the NLRB concluded that a preemptive termination—that is, one that attacks an employee who intends to complain about wages—violates federal labor laws, even though the employee has not yet engaged in any concerted activity. As the NLRB explained;

That conclusion is supported not only by the plain text of Section 8(a)(1), by the policies underlying Sections 7 and 8(a)(1), and by the authorities cited, but it is consistent with other lines of Board precedent holding that, under certain circumstances, employees who have engaged in no concerted activity at all are protected from adverse action. For example, an adverse action taken against an employee based on the employer’s belief that the employee engaged in protected concerted activity is unlawful even if the belief was mistaken and the employee did not in fact engage in such activity. Similarly, a mass discharge undertaken without concern for whether individual employees were engaged in concerted activity—where “some white sheep suffer along with the black”—violates the Act. What is critical in those cases is not what the employee did, but rather the employer’s intent to suppress protected concerted activity.

Some commentators are already commending the NLRB for its expansion of employee workplace rights:

Professor Richard Bales, at the Workplace Prof Blog:

It seems to me that the Board is expanding the definition of protected-concerted activity a bit more then it's admitting.  Now, every time an employee complains and is subsequently fired, the employee can file an unfair labor practice charge, and it's a fact issue as to whether the employer was motivated by a desire to nip the complaint in the bud or by something else.

Randy Enochs at the Wisconsin Employment & Labor Law Blog:

This is a major victory for employees across the land and could lead to an increase in litigation but it's not exactly easy to prove that an employer terminated an employee to "nip-it-in-the-bud" or feared the employee would subsequently engage in protected activity making it harder to terminate them. Hopefully the end result is employers perhaps taking the time to ease employee concerns over working conditions instead of simply terminating the cause of stir.

Indeed, it certainly appears that Parexcel expands employee rights by creating a colorable unfair labor practice any time an employee suffers an adverse action after complaining about anything.

Let me take a different approach from the perspective of an employers’ advocate. If the NLRA covers any adverse action taken against any employee who complains about a term or condition of the workplace, why doesn’t the NLRA preempt any state law claim raising the same issue? For example, recently the 6th Circuit used a broad interpretation of federal preemption to dismiss a state law wrongful termination claim. Is it possible that by attempting to expand employee rights, the NLRB actually contracted them? I don’t profess to know the answer to this question, and we will have to wait for some bold employer to litigate the issue. I’m merely tossing it out there as a possible silver lining in an otherwise anti-business decision by the NLRB.

[Hat tip: LaborRelated]

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

Updating 20th century laws for the 21st century

At his Connecticut Employment Law Blog, Daniel Schwartz argues that it’s time to start modernizing our workplace laws. As an example, Daniel argues that federal labor laws should be updated to account for technologies such as emails and social media. I highly recommend reading Daniel’s full thoughts published in this week’s Connecticut Law Tribune.

For my own thoughts, I recommend two posts I wrote in 2007 and 2008, which discuss the need to modernize federal wage and hour laws:

• Is the 40-hour work week relevant?
• Is the FLSA anachronistic?

We operate our businesses under laws drafted to address the workplace needs of the 1930s. To say that times have changed is an oversimplification of a much deeper problem. Until our legislatures modernize these laws, our businesses will remain saddled with the expensive and time-consuming problem of defending lawsuits over issues such as whether a non-exempt employee who spends a few minutes each night checking emails on his PDA should be compensated for that time. I suggest that we join Daniel’s call for our legislators to start discussing these issues so that we can work towards a meaningful modernization of stagnant laws.

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

Not every employee needs a noncompete

Noncompetition agreements are fabulous tools. They protect employer’s trade secrets and other confidential and proprietary information, customers, goodwill, and special training and skills your employees acquire at your expense. But, not every employee is worthy of locking down with such an agreement.

For example, consider Mark Philips Salon & Spa v. Blessing (Ohio Ct. App. 1/28/11) [pdf]. The salon hired Blessing as a hair stylist. Blessing signed a noncompetition agreement on her first day of employment. When she resigned to accept a position at a competing salon less than five miles away, she got sued. Even though Blessing admitted that she violated the agreement by soliciting former customers, the court of appeals concluded that it was unreasonable for the salon to enforce the agreement against her:

Blessing testified that she was an experienced hair dresser and had worked for two other salons previous to her employment with MPS. Blessing brought approximately thirty clients with her to MPS, and while there she acquired approximately twenty more. Blessing testified that virtually all of her clients are obtained through referrals from other clients, and there is no evidence that MPS did anything that benefitted Blessing in obtaining any of her clients. Blessing also testified that MPS gave her no particular training or skill that she uses…. Blessing testified that after she left MPS she created a list of all her former clients “from my brain, from my knowledge.” There is no evidence that she obtained that information from a database or list maintained by MPS.

By engaging in competition with MPS as she has, and especially by mailing solicitations to clients she obtained while employed by MPS, Blessing violated her agreement with MPS in those respects. However, on this record there is nothing in the competition with MPS in which Blessing has engaged that makes it unfair. Blessing uses no trade secrets or competitive advantages she obtained from MPS. The competition MPS seeks to prevent is merely ordinary competition. Therefore, the covenant not to compete cannot be enforced.

What lessons can employers learn from this case? Noncompetition agreements are wonderful tools that all employers should have in their shed. Employers, however, should use narrowly drafted noncompetition agreements that only reach those legitimate interests worthy of protection. And, if there is no such interest, consider foregoing an agreement at all. Otherwise, you might end up spending lots of money in court in a vain attempt to enforce an unenforceable contract.

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

WIRTW #162 (the bad necktie edition)

I am an expat Philadelphian. When the Eagles came to Cleveland in 2004, I wore my Donovan McNabb jersey with pride inside Browns Stadium, and endures the tirades, insults, curses, and the occasional hails of popcorn, peanuts, and beer from loyal Browns fans. But, if the Eagles were playing the Browns in the Superbowl (I know, I know), I would likely draw the line at wearing my gear to the office. It’s not that wouldn’t enjoy jabbing my co-workers (because I would). But, I work in a service-based industry, and the thought of rubbing even one client the wrong way would my hats, jerseys, and ties at home. One Packers fan selling cars in Chicago thought otherwise last week, and it cost him his job when he refused his boss’s repeated requests to remove his Packers tie. The following blogs have the details:

• Packers Necktie Gets Salesman Punted from Chicago-Area Dealership – from Human Resources News

• Fired for wearing a Packer tie – from Minding the Workplace

• Packers Fan Fired Over Team Necktie; Will Litigation Ensue? – from Above the Law

• Apparently, Someone Isn’t a Packers Fan – from Workplace Prof Blog

• Chicago Car Salesman Fired for Wearing Green Bay Packer Tie – from Wisconsin Employment & Labor Law Blog

• Take Your Tie And Go “Packing” – from HR HQ

• Wearing Packers Necktie Gets Chicago Salesman Fired – from New Jersey Employment Law Blog

• At will and the auto salesman – from Michigan Employment Law Connection

Here’s the rest of what I read this week:

Discrimination

• Jewish Hockey Player Sues Anaheim Ducks Alleging Anti-Semitic Harassment – from Deadspin

• Employees and religious holidays – an employer’s obligation – from Employment Law Bits

• Age Discrimination in 2011 – from Michael Haberman’s Omega HR Solutions

• What Discrimination Looks Like in 2011: It’s Older and Unemployed – from TLNT

• The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act and The Mentalist – from Screw You Guys, I’m Going Home

• Is Obesity Covered by the ADA? – from Colorado Employment Law Blog

• Alabama Jury Awards Employee Taunted with KKK Hood – from Alabama HR Law

Social Media

• The Facebook Employment Background Check Curse – from Nick Fishman’s employeescreenIQ Blog

• Facebook Becoming Essential to an Employment Lawsuit – from Tom Crane’s San Antonio Employment Law Blog

• Social Media Research + Employment Decisions: May Be a Recipe for Litigation – from Labor Employment Law Blog

• Employers Can Pay Dearly for Social Media Blunders – from Joe’s HR and Benefits Blog

• More courts ordering access to Facebook posts – from Walter Olson’s Overlawyered

• Following The NLRB On Facebook Firings – from Social Media Employment Law Blog

• Who Do Your Tweets Represent? You? Or Your Employer? – from Fistful of Talent

• Lawyers Can Demonstrate the Need for Social-Media Policies In More Ways than One – from Delaware Employment Law Blog

Workplace Technology

• Behind the Resume – from Attorney at Work

• Judge Says It’s Reasonable For Any Photo Taken To Go Viral. A Dangerous Precedent? – from Kashmir Hill’s The Not-So Private Parts

• 10 Fascinating Facts About Email – from Mashable

• Potential Civil Liability for Unauthorized Access to Another’s Email Account – from Ohio Family Law Blog

Wage & Hour

• MMA Body Slam of $3.2 Million – from Michael Fox’s Jottings By An Employer’s Lawyer

• Fired Employee Entitled To Overtime Pay – from Overtime Lawyer Blog

• MBA Sues DOL Over Whether Mortgage Brokers Are Exempt from Overtime – from Overtime Advisor

• Mootness As A Defense To Extortionate FLSA Collective Actions – from LE Blog

• Ninth Circuit Clarifies Meaning of “Voluntary Departure” Under WARN Act – from World of Work

• Employees who stop coming to work because business is closing are entitled to 60-day notice under the WARN Act – from Employment Law Matters

• FMLA intermittent leave: Why bosses must be observant – from Stephen Meyer’s HR Cafe

Employee Relations and HR

• Do Amazing Things in 2011 – from Ann Bares’s Compensation Force

• PA employee sleeps on the job and still collects unemployment – from The Employer Handbook Blog

• Focus on Workplace Flexibility–Main Themes – from Work and Family Blog

• Deposition jujitsu – from Work Matters

Trade Secrets and Employee Competition

• Does Texas Law Recognize a Claim against Competitor’s Poaching of Employee? – from Texas Employment Law Update

• Fitness Companies Spar Over Unauthorized Access Of Departing Employee’s Personal Email Accounts – from Trading Secrets

• When is it okay for an employee to steal trade secrets? – from Trade Secrets & Non-Compete Blog

• Steelers’ Secret Trick Play May Have Been Shared With Jets By ESPN Reporter – from Trade Secrets Blog

Labor Relations

• Unions are a Dying Breed. Or They’re Making a Comeback – from Daniel Schwartz’s Connecticut Employment Law Blog

• President Obama Re-Submits Nomination of Craig Becker to NLRB – from Labor Relations Today

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

When two worlds collide ... hilarity ensues

Last night, the self-proclaimed world's greatest bosses met for the first time. Michael Scott, meet David Brent:

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

Union membership at lowest level in nearly 80 years

The Bureau of Labor Statistics has released its annual report of union membership, and the news isn’t good for organized labor. Unions lost 612,000 members in 2010, dropping the unionized share of the work force from 12.3% to 11.9%. Union membership in the private sector fell from 7.2% to 6.9%, its lowest proportional share since the 1930s. You can read BLS’s summary here, and the full report here.

Employers may read this news as positive. I have a different take. With efforts to bolster organized labor having failed in Congress, today’s pro-union National Labor Relations Board may use these statistics to bolster their efforts to beef up organized labor. I will be very curious to see what these numbers look like after two years of pro-union regulation by the NLRB.

[Hat tip: Labor Relations Today]

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

Why you never ask a woman if she’s pregnant

Australian broadcaster Todd Woodbridge thought that tennis star Kim Clijsters was pregnant. His problem, however, was that he did not keep it to himself. Instead, he texted his thoughts to another player. When Clijsters found out, she took the story public, outing Woodbridge’s lack of sensitivity during a post-match television interview.

It remains to be seen if Woodbridge keeps his Aussie TV gig. That Clijsters was so good natured about the crass message may help his cause. Don’t assume, however, that your female employees will be so forgiving.

I don’t know what will happen to Woodbridge’s job, but I can almost guarantee you will lose your discrimination case if a rejected job applicant has a text message asking if she appeared irritable and if her boobs looked bigger. Text messages, social media, and other technology make it much easier to share these types of thoughts. Because of these technologies, he said/she said cases no longer necessarily hinge on credibility debates. Instead, the employee may be holding that text or tweet as a dangerous trump card.

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

Join me Friday on the Proactive Employer Podcast

Join me Friday morning as I guest on the one-year anniversary installment of Stephanie Thomas’s Proactive Employer Podcast. Stephanie and I will be talking about ten issues of importance to every employer:

1. Documentation and document retention
2. Applications, background checks and new hires
3. Confidentiality
4. Technology
5. EEO: discrimination, harassment, and retaliation
6. Wage and hour issues
7. FMLA and benefits
8. Immigration
9. Health, safety, and security
10. Evaluation, discipline, and termination

I’ll provide some suggestions on best practices to identify potential problem areas. Stephanie and I culled these 10 issues from my proprietary 200-point audit of human resources and employment policies and practices. Please join us for a lively and informative discussion that should interest all businesses.

The podcast will be live on blogtalkradio at 8:30 am on Friday, January 28. Blogtalkradio will also archive it for later listening. The podcast will also be available for download on iTunes.

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

It’s déjà vu all over again—Supreme Court recognizes associational retaliation

In The Gay Science, Friedrich Nietzsche explained his theory of the eternal recurrence—that if the universe is infinitely big, time is eternally long, and everything that exists in that universe is made up of a finite number of elements, then over the course of eternity everything that happens will happen again. For the theory of associational retaliation under Title VII, eternity didn’t even last four years.

In Thompson v. North American Stainless, the 6th Circuit originally recognized the theory of associational retaliation – that Title VII prohibits an employer from retaliating by inflicting reprisals on a third party (such as a spouse, family member, or fiancé) closely associated with the employee who engaged in such protected activity but who engaged in no protected activity of his or her own.

Sometimes, it stinks to be right. In its unanimous opinion [pdf], the Court recognized that certain employees, within the “zone of interests” protected by Title VII, will have a valid claim for associational retaliation:

Title VII’s antiretaliation pro­vision prohibits any employer action that “well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” … We think it obvious that a reasonable worker might be dissuaded from engaging in protected activity if she knew that her fiancé would be fired…. We … decline to identify a fixed class of relation­ ships for which third-party reprisals are unlawful. We expect that firing a close family member will almost al­ways meet the Burlington standard, and inflicting a milder reprisal on a mere acquaintance will almost never do so, but beyond that we are reluctant to generalize…. 

[W]e conclude that Thompson falls within the zone of interests protected by Title VII. Thompson was an employee of NAS, and the purpose of Title VII is to protect employees from their employers’ unlawful actions. Moreover, accepting the facts as alleged, Thompson is not an accidental victim of the retaliation—collateral damage, so to speak, of the employer’s unlawful act. To the contrary, injuring him was the employer’s intended means of harming Regalado. Hurting him was the unlawful act by which the employer punished her. In those circumstances, we think Thompson well within the zone of interests sought to be protected by Title VII.

What does all this mean?

1. This supposed pro-business Court continues to be decidedly anti-business when it comes to protecting employees from retaliation, and even the most conservative members of this Court are open to expanding civil rights when it satisfies a policy they consider important.
2. Employers are now subject to retaliation for taking an adverse action against anyone “closely related” to an employee who engaged in protect activity.
3. To claim associational retaliation, the aggrieved employee must prove that the employer intended to injure the associated employee by its action against the aggrieved employee.

For employers, there are no bright-line rules for associational retaliation. The real import of this decision is the same as when the 6th Circuit first recognized this new theory of liability nearly four years ago. As I said at that time:

If Title VII protects those "who are so closely related to or associated" with employees who engage in protected activity, it simply begs the question, how close is close enough? In Thompson, the relationship was a fiancée. It is safe to assume liability will also extend to action taken against spouses. What about boyfriends and girlfriends? How long do you have to date to be protected from retaliation? The same protection also will probably extend to parents and children. What about siblings? Grandparents? Cousins? 3rd cousins twice removed? In-laws? Friends? Carpoolers? The people you share your lunch table with? The person you sat next to in 3rd grade? How close is close enough for an employer to intend for its actions to punish the exercise of protected activity? Do employers now have to ask for family trees and class pictures as part of the orientation process? 

These questions, none of which the Thompson court answers, could hamstring employers from making any employment decisions for fear of doing something against someone who has some relationship to someone else who complained about something last October. The implications of this case have the potential to reach that level of silliness. The best course of action is still to make legitimate personnel decisions for bona fide business reasons and let the chips fall where they may.

An obituary for our dog

Employment law takes a break today because yesterday we put Zoey to sleep. She was born on January 26, 2005, the largest in a litter of seven. It never took long for her to convince anyone that met her that 79 of her 80 pounds was heart. She was a lover of all people and all things. Nothing in this world mattered more to her than the four people she shared her home with (except, maybe, for the occasional rabbit she chased in the backyard).

Zoey was our first child. She was our not-sure-if-we’re-going-to-have-kids-let’s-get-a-dog. I slept on the floor next to her crate for her first few nights in our home, until she became accustomed to being away from her litter. She never again doubted us because she knew she was home.

I beamed with pride when I taught her to swim as a puppy. I laughed when she would relentlessly lick the top of my bald head. I was awestruck when she placed her head on my wife’s lap during tear-inducing labor pains before the birth of our first child. I felt badly for her when she got bumped down the ladder with the birth of each of our children. I was grateful when she protected our kids as if they were own, and I loved her every time she checked on them when they cried or were ill.

I will miss her tail wagging whenever anyone would pet her. I will miss her jumping up and down when someone new came to the door. I will miss her sprinting into the kitchen and begging for an ice cube whenever she heard the freezer door opening. I will miss seeing her waiting by the front window in the study as I drove up to the house, and how she was always the first one to greet me when I came home from work every night. I will even miss her shedding, which often made our floor resemble an unkempt barbershop. I will miss her.

Last summer she tore her right rear ACL while playing. Post-surgery, I again slept nearby as she whimpered with pain. While the ACL healed, her leg never really did. She walked with limp, and aged dramatically, looking and acting much older than her nearly six years of life suggested.

December gave us yet another scare, as the anti-inflammatory medications she was taking for her leg ulcerated her intestine, causing a whole bunch of new problems. My wife nursed her child back to health.

Yet, we knew, deep down, that Zoey was living on borrowed time. The vet told us the odds – that more than half of dogs who tear an ACL will tear the other within a year. We hoped that Zoey would buck the odds, but I think we knew that she likely wouldn’t.

When she gimped into the house Saturday evening with what had been her good leg trembling high in the air, in too much pain to put any weight on it, and what had been her bad leg too weak to support her large frame, we knew it was time. Saturday night, she licked my head for the last time.

Zoey was not only a great dog; she was a beloved member of our family. I hope she finally catches that rabbit in heaven.

WIRTW #161 (the “To infinity, and beyond!” edition)

Each week, there’s a story or two that slips through the cracks that I just can’t get to. This week is no exception. Earlier this week, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of NASA’s employment background check policies. For more information on this case, I recommend the following summaries and opinions of my fellow bloggers:

• Unanimous US Supreme Court: Constitutional Right to Informational Privacy Not Violated by NASA Background Check – from Workplace Prof Blog

• SCOTUS: NASA background check is constitutional – from Ross Runkel’s LawMemo Employment Law Blog

• Supreme Court: Background Investigations on Federal Contract Employees OK – from Human Resources News

• Supreme Court Upholds Constitutionality of Government Background Screens in NASA v. Nelson – from Employer Law Report

• Feds Can Require Background Checks on Contractors, High Court Holds – from Joe’s HR and Benefits Blog

Here’s the rest of what I read this week:

Workplace Technology

• Employers Checking Employee E-mail: The Split Continues – from Daniel Schwartz’s Connecticut Employment Law Blog

• Using Your Employer’s E-mail: There’s Legal, and Then There’s Smart – from New Jersey Employment Law Blog

• “Belongs To The Company” Means Exactly That – from Labor Employment Law Blog

• Eleventh Circuit Ruling Strengthens Employers' Hand Against Employees who Abuse Access to Information Systems – from Workplace Privacy Counsel

• 2010 Online, by the Numbers – from the New York Times Bits Blog

• Employee Tip of the Week: Your Boss is Watching (Or Might Be, One Day) – from New York City Employment Lawyer

• Playboy on iPad renews debate over privacy, workplace rules – from Computerworld

• What Does the "Year of the Tablet" (or of the iPad) Mean for Employers? – from Workplace Privacy Counsel

Social Media

• Why Your Boss Should Be Able to Fire You Over Facebook – from the Evil HR Lady, c/o BNET

• Social Media Research + Employment Decisions: May Be a Recipe for Litigation – from Social Media Law Update

• Social-Media Guidelines Apply to Supervisors, Too – from Molly DiBianca at the Delaware Employment Law Blog

• NFL Teams and Executives Must Be Aware of the Legal Consequences of Their Social Media Usage – from Shear on Social Media Law

• Battling Information Overload Among Employees Using Employers’ Social Media Tools in the Workplace – from Digital Workplace Blog

Employee Relations & HR

• 4 ways employers can protect themselves when employees leave – from The Employer Handbook Blog

• “Golden Voice” Story is Worthy of HR Consideration – from Nick Fishman’s employeescreenIQ Blog

• When employees prepare to return from leaves of absence: what can you say? – from Sindy Warren at the Warren & Hays Employment Law Blog

• 2 GINA Employee Handbook Action Items – from Philip Miles’s Lawffice Space

• Complying with the New GINA Legislation – from CPEhr

• The Dirty Dozen Performance Appraisal Errors – from BusinessWeek

• The McDonald’s Fiasco: It Never Makes Sense to Follow Rules Over the Cliff – from TLNT

• New Filing Reminds Employers of Employee Protection for Jury Service – from Texas Employment Law Update

Discrimination

• HR Says: Is this Interview Question Legal? – from International Business Times Blogs

• ADA opinion, if followed, could impact the scope of accommodation requirements – from Work Matters

• Even the Best Employees Can Suffer Discrimination – from Tom Crane’s San Antonio Employment Law Blog

• Former Prostitute Can Raise Sexual Harassment Claim – from Atlanta Employment Lawyer Blog

• 7th Circuit Rules Oral "Right to Sue" from EEOC is Not Sufficient to Start 90-Day Period – from Wisconsin Employment & Labor Law Blog

Wage & Hour

• A Ray of Sanity in the FLSA Collective Action Morass: Half-pay in Misclassification Cases – from Michael Fox’s Jottings By An Employer’s Lawyer

• Half-Time Damages In FLSA Misclassification Cases – from The FLSA

• Boobs and Babes in the Workplace – from Michael Haberman’s Omega HR Solutions

Labor Relations

• Will NLRB Seek Shorter Union Election Campaigns? – from IndustryWeek

• NLRB General Counsel Directs Inclusion of New Default Language in Settlement Agreements – from Labor Relations Counsel

• Supervisor has a viable claim under the NLRA when terminated or disciplined for refusing to commit unfair labor practices – from Employment Law Matters

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

Ohio just became a friendlier state for age discrimination plaintiffs

In Gross v. FBL Financial Servs., the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that mixed-motives do not exist in federal age discrimination claims, and for a plaintiff to succeed on an disparate treatment claim under the ADEA, he or she must prove that age was the “but-for” (that is, the only) cause of the challenged adverse employment action.

An open question left in the wake of Gross was whether state courts such as Ohio would follow Gross under parallel state court age discrimination statutes. Thomas v. Columbia Sussex Corp. (Ohio Ct. App. 1/6/11) [pdf] provided our first Ohio answer. It concluded that Gross does not apply under Ohio’s age discrimination statute. While the opinion somewhat muddles its discussion of Gross, the court approved what amounted to a mixed-motive jury instruction given to the jury. Therefore, mixed-motive age claims are alive and well under Ohio age discrimination statute, and the effect of Gross is limited to cases brought under the federal ADEA.

For employers, this opinion is not quite as bad as it seems. Yes, it will likely result in more plaintiffs eschewing a federal venue and filing their age claims under Ohio law, and in Ohio courts with state court juries. Ohio’s age discrimination statute, however, has a short six-month statute of limitations, as compared to 300 days one has to file an age claim with the EEOC to perfect one’s right to file a lawsuit under the federal statute. Because employees have a easier burden of proof under Ohio law, they will have to elect the shortened filing period. Employees who miss the initial six months will have to go the federal route, with its tightened burden of proof under Gross.

For businesses, the advice I gave after Gross holds true regardless of the burden of proof. Employers should meticulously document employees’ performance problems and other disciplinary action. A contemporaneously well-documented personnel file makes it that much more difficult for a plaintiff to prove that age was the motivating reason behind the termination or other adverse action.

Lessons from Children’s Lit, part 3: Knuffle Bunny

Lately, my son and I have been reading Mo Willems’ Knuffle Bunny, a lot.

Knuffle Bunny tells the story of Trixie, who loses her stuffed bunny (and prized possession) during a trip to the laundromat with her Daddy. When she discovers her loss, she tries to tell her Daddy, but he does not understand her baby babble. When Mommy catches on, the family rushes back to the laundromat to find Knuffle Bunny. I don’t want to spoil the end for anyone, but suffice it to say that when we finish the book, my little guy looks up at me as says, “She’s so happy.”

What lessons can employers take away from this “cautionary tale”?

1. There are no hard and fast rules about how employees must complain about harassment or discrimination. Trixie, who had not yet learned to speak, did the best she could to communicate to her Daddy that Knuffle Bunny was missing. The fact that he did not understand her did not change his fatherly responsibility to help locate Knuffle Bunny. The same holds true for employers. In a perfect world, employees would lodge complaints in typed memos, dutifully turned into designated persons in the HR department. Our world, however, is far from perfect. Employees email, text, leave voice mails, scribble hand-written notes, make off-handed comments, and even say nothing at all. Regardless of how a manager or supervisor learns about harassment or discrimination, the rules are the same—investigate, remedy, and don’t retaliate.
   


2. Leave no stone unturned. When Trixie’s family first returned to the laundromat, they could not find Knuffle Bunny. It was not until Trixie’s Daddy redoubled his efforts that he found it. The same holds true for employers’ investigations. A half-assed investigation is no better than no investigation at all. If a document is missing, you better be able to convince a court that you took all reasonable efforts to locate it. If you conclude that an employee’s harassment complaint is unfounded, you better be sure you interviewed everyone identified as a potential witness. If you are going to discipline or terminate an employee, you better double check that you considered all documents and witnesses before reaching a conclusion. Courts are loath to second-guess employers’ business judgment, but will not hesitate if it appears an employer slacked in its investigatory responsibilities.

For legal compliance, don’t jump off the bridge

When I was a child, whenever I wanted to do something popular that my parents disapproved of, they would caution me, “If everyone else jumped off a bridge, would you jump too?” I hated when they said that. Yet, now that I am a parent, I find myself saying the same thing to my kids. Today, I am also going to say it to my readers.

Just because a particular employment practice is popular or widespread does not mean it’s legal. There are lots of practices in use at lots of companies that do not pass legal muster:

• Various common wage and hour exemptions.
• Treating employees as contractors.
• Refusing to pay employees for off-the-clock work.
• Failing to pay employees who work through their lunch breaks.
• Googling job applicants as the lone background screening tool.
• Lack of technology policies and social networking policies.
• Policies that prohibit discussions about wages and benefits.
• Requiring pre-offer medical exams of all job applicants..

This list could go on and on. The point is that popular employment practices aren’t necessarily legal employment practices. You should not rely on the company-next-door for your legal compliance. Instead, invest a few dollars in a comprehensive review by a qualified attorney. Heck, some of us will even get started for free.

[Hat tip: Wage and Hour Laws]

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

MLK Day calls for reflection about how far race relations have come, and how far we have left to go

Today celebrates the life and message of one of our nation’s most important heroes, Martin Luther King, Jr. His remembrance suggests that we consider not only how far our race relations have come in the last half-century, but also how far we have left to go. 

To reflect upon how far we have come, consider MLK’s famous “I Have a Dream” speech, one of the greatest and most significant pieces of oration ever delivered:

To consider how far we have left to go, you need only review a few posts from my archives, each of which illustrates that bigotry still pervades our workplaces and our society:

• Sadly, racism is alive and well
• Know when to fish, know when to cut bait
• Of course racism is wrong, but at least it gives me job security
• A chocolate cupcake by any other name…
• Federal court takes on the word “nigger” in a reverse race discrimination case

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.

WIRTW #160 (the bad economy = good EEOC numbers edition)

Earlier this week, the EEOC released its FY 2010 charge filing statistics, which, to no surprise, reveal that in a bad economy employees file more claims. I’m leaving any additional recap and analysis to my blogging brethren who have already covered this story:

• Charts of EEOC Charges 1997-2010 – from Philip Miles’s Lawffice Space

• Record Number of Charges Filed With EEOC – from Joe’s HR and Benefits Blog

• EEOC Statistics Reveal Jump in Discrimination Charges – from Delaware Employment Law Blog

• EEOC Reports Record Number of Charges in 2010 – from Wyatt Employment Law Report

• EEOC Reports Job Bias Charges Hit Record High in 2010 – from Alabama HR Law

• Private Sector Workplace Discrimination Charges Hit Record in 2010 – from Southwest Florida HR Law & Solutions

• Job Bias Claims Hit New Record In 2010 – from Workplace Diva

Here’s the rest of what I read this week:

Discrimination

• When Your Manager Has Been Accused of Sexual Harassment – from Daniel Schwartz’s Connecticut Employment Law Blog

• GINA Final Regulations are Effective 1/10/2011: Are You Ready? – from Michael Haberman’s Omega HR Solutions

• GINA Compliance? – from World of Employment

• GINA sleepy so far, but don’t get caught unaware – from CCH’s Employment Law Daily

• Is There More to the Story About the New Mom Who Quit Her Job Because She Was Denied Access to a Lactation Room? – from Patrick Smith’s Iowa Employment Law Blog

• Beginning The New Year With Breastfeeding – from Social Media Employment Law Blog

• Crying At Work, A Woman’s Burden – from Jenna Goudreau’s The Other Half

• The Top 5 Most Intriguing Decisions In EEOC Cases Of 2010 – from Workplace Class Action Litigation

• Interview Questions - Make them “Legal” – from Rob Radcliff’s Smooth Transitions

• First Circuit holds that Title VII does not protect employees from the “ordinary slings and arrows that suffuse the workplace every day.” – from Employment Law Matters

• Jury Awards $5.8 Million To White Supervisor In National Origin Discrimination Lawsuit – from Atlanta Employment Lawyer Blog

• Is Retaliation for Complaining About Sexual Orientation Discrimination a Violation of Title VII? – from Michael Fox’s Jottings By An Employer’s Lawyer

• ADA accommodations: Do jobs held by temps count as “vacant”? – from Stephen Meyer’s HR Cafe

Social Media & Workplace Technology

• How Facebook Can Make or Break Your Case: The Plaintiff’s Arsenal – from Eric Meyer’s The Employer Handbook Blog

• Taking a Photo with a Placenta Won’t Get You Kicked Out of Nursing School – from Kashmir Hill’s The Not-So Private Parts

• Social Media Law Predictions For 2011 – from Shear on Social Media Law

• Production of Litigation Hold Letters & Imaging Hard Drives – from Bow Tie Law’s Blog

• Computer Fraud & Abuse Act: Eleventh Circuit Finds Employer’s Policy Defines Limits of Employee's Authorized Access – from Trade Secrets & Non-Compete Blog

HR & Employee Relations

• What Can a Company Do With a Dangerous Employee? – from Suzanne Lucas at BNET

• The Arizona shootings and your workplace – from Sindy Warren at the Warren & Hays Employment Law Blog

• Brits to make it easier to hire/fire workers – from Walter Olson’s Overlawyered

• Britain to Relax Employment Laws in Effort to Increase Employment – from Workplace Prof Blog

• Will Your Company’s Non-Competition Agreement Be Enforceable When You Need It? – from Trade Secret / Noncompete Blog

Wage & Hour

• Workplace Flexibility and the Bottom Line – from Steven Greenhouse at the New York Times

• Reporting Time Pay: A Wage and Hour Winter Wonderland – from Wage & Hour Counsel

• “Heads-Up” That Employee “Might” Take FMLA Leave Insufficient to Invoke FMLA Protections – from The FMLA Blog

• The Supreme Court Identifies Medical Residents as Employees – from Maryland Employment Law Developments

Labor Relations

• State of the Unions – from James Surowiecki at The New Yorker

• Sixth Circuit Holds That Ohio Wrongful Termination Claim Pre-Empted By NLRA – from Employer Law Report

• NLRB Proposed Workplace Notice Likely to Spark Uptick in Union Activity – from EFCA & Labor Law Reform Blog

• Employer Found Liable for Damages for Accessing Former Employees’ Personal Emails – from Wisconsin Employment & Labor Law Blog

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Presented by Kohrman Jackson & Krantz, with offices in Cleveland and Columbus. For more information, contact Jon Hyman, a partner in our Labor & Employment group, at (216) 736-7226 or jth@kjk.com.